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Prácticas de proficiencia en inglés para posgrados

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All vitamin deficiencies are reversible, except in the very late stages, by means of supplying the organism with the vitamin in shortage. By using pharmaceutically synthesized vitamin supplements, the amount of a particular vitamin in an organism may be restored to the required level very quickly.

The word shortage highlighted above is closest in meaning to which of the suggested words?

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Which of the following is a correct comparison between early and modern police work?
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Although “Bobbies” (so named after Peel) were not immediately popular and were often seen as a potential infringement on civil liberties, their work resulted in a sharp decline in crime rates and the overall structure and organization of the force became the example from which New York City created the first police department in the United States in 1844.

The word sharp highlighted above is closest in meaning to which of the suggested words?

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Which of the following tasks were carried out by early Metropolitan policemen?
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The first recognizable policing force came into being in Rome when, in 6 AD, Emperor Augustus divided the city into regions which were supervised by 7 squads of 1,000 men each. This force was not distinct from the Roman military, but its tasks resembled those that urban police are faced with today, since Rome was at the time inhabited by over one million citizens. But the police force on which most subsequent police forces were modeled was the London Metropolitan Police, established with the passing of a bill in Parliament by Robert Peel in 1829. Metropolitan policemen patrolled the city streets constantly and diligently, kept public order, contributed to the maintenance of public amenities such as street lighting, and generally assisted the government in the running of the community in whatever way was necessary. Although “Bobbies” (so named after Peel) were not immediately popular and were often seen as a potential infringement on civil liberties, their work resulted in a sharp decline in crime rates and the overall structure and organization of the force became the example from which New York City created the first police department in the United States in 1844.

 

A century and a half later, police work has adapted itself to changing social circumstances several times. In most of the western world, police forces operate within a thoroughly systematized framework and, apart from maintaining public order, offer such services as surveillance of property or individuals, personal protection, crime recording and analysis and missing person cases investigation. Investigative work in particular has made great progress during this century. Laboratory research first played an important role in the 1920s, when evidence from the scenes of violent crimes began to be systematically collected and examined for the purpose of identifying perpetrators. This work was largely limited to the collection and examination of fingerprints. Modern crime laboratories are equipped with such highly sophisticated scientific instruments as photomicrographs, which can determine the kind of device a bullet was fired in, and computerized photograph enhancers, which, by increasing the picture resolution of an image, can reveal otherwise invisible details in photographs and video stills. Crime scene evidence that was unusable a few decades ago, such as paint from the surface of a car, shreds of clothing and human hair or skin, can also be analyzed in modern police laboratories, providing additional clues and evidence.

We can infer from the passage that the early London Metropolitan Police were

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Laboratory research
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It is difficult to determine the exact necessary vitamin intake for an organism, since there are several factors involved, in particular genetic variation and environmental conditions. Consequently, recommended daily allowances are higher than the needs of the average person so that particularities caused by the above-mentioned factors are covered.

The word determine highlighted below could best be replaced by which of the suggested words?

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Vitamins are organic substances necessary for life and growth. They regulate metabolic reactions in cells; therefore their absence causes metabolic disruption which can spread over the entire organism.

Vitamins are not distributed evenly in foods; betacarotene, for instance, is only found in plant tissues and not in animals, whereas vitamin A only occurs in animal tissues. Because of this, diets which , for whatever reason, are limited in source of foods often lack certain vitamins.

It is difficult to determine the exact necessary vitamin intake for an organism, since there are several factors involved, in particular genetic variation and environmental conditions. Consequently, recommended daily allowances are higher than the needs of the average person so that particularities caused by the above-mentioned factors are covered.

Hypovitaminosis is the collective name for the conditions caused by lack or shortage of one or more specific vitamins in an organism. It may occur when and organism fails to receive the normally necessary amounts of the vitamin or vitamins or when an organism's particularly high requirement in a certain vitamin is not met. The former deficiency is referred to as primary vitamindeficiency, while the latter is known as secondary vitamin deficiency. Both deficiencies lead to low levels of the vitamin being present in the organism's blood and tissue, which can cause disturbances in the biochemical functions of the cells. If the condition is not reversed, the cell structure itself may be affected, with consequences for the function of major organs. The more advanced stages of hypovitaminosis may be characterized by secondary effects such as viral infections of various systems and diseases of the central nervous system.

All vitamin deficiencies are reversible, except in the very late stages, by means of supplying the organism with the vitamin in shortage. By using pharmaceutically synthesized vitamin supplements, the amount of a particular vitamin in an organism may be restored to the required level very quickly.

Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

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Intersensory effects
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Vitamins
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