When we work with population parameters, as opposed to sample statistics, the testing of hypotheses may consist in a simple comparison of the values of means, e.g. in a direct comparison of values of means of two groups which we hypothesize differ from each other.

Match the key terms from basic inference theory with their definitions.

In Venn diagrams, the probability of either of two non-exclusive events (union of probabilities) is depicted as

Match the key terms from basic probability theory with their definitions.

Use Excel to replicate the analysis from the previous question. Note that in some cases, the counts of words identified may slightly differ, depending on how R and Excel treat various specific characters or (weird) textual features. So if you do not get the exact same numbers, this may not necessarily mean that there is a mistake, but the results should be either identical or very close. Have you got the same or very similar results as in R? The question is not graded.

Create the new continuous and categorical variables for states' GDP per capita and their status as high income economies. Have you managed to create them?

Reproduce in R all the graphs that are shown on the videos. These are: a bar chart, a histogram, a univariate boxplot, a boxplot with one categorical and one continuous variable, a scatter plot and a bubble plot. Have you managed to create these graphs? Have you been able to use ggplot for that?

Reproduce in MS Excel the graphs that are shown on the videos. These are a bar chart, a histogram, and a scatter plot. Did you manage to create the graphs?