Software uses floating-point arithmetic which is slower, while hardware uses integer division

Software must check for division by zero on every iteration, while hardware checks only once

Software executes one iteration per unit of quotient (255÷1 takes approximately 255 iterations), while hardware uses a restoring/non-restoring algorithm with fixed iterations

Hardware can perform multiple subtractions simultaneously using parallel circuits

The value of the current bit of the multiplier—if the bit is 1, add the multiplicand; if 0, skip the addition

Whether the multiplicand is larger than the current partial product

The value of the current bit of the multiplicand—if the bit is 1, add to the product

Whether the partial product is even or odd—add if even, skip if odd

A=17 (remainder), B=13 (quotient), reversing the storage locations

A=13, B=0 (quotient only, with remainder discarded)

A=13 (quotient: 251÷18=13), B=17 (remainder: 251 mod 18=17), with OV=0 indicating successful division

A=251, B=18 (operands unchanged because division failed)

A=0x01C2 (complete 16-bit result stored in A register)

A=25, B=18 (operands unchanged because MUL requires separate instruction)

A=0xC2 (low byte of product), B=0x01 (high byte of product), because 25×18=450=0x01C2

A=0x01 (high byte), B=0xC2 (low byte), reversing the byte order

C=1 (unsigned overflow), OV=0 (no signed overflow)

C=1 (unsigned overflow: 0x90+0x80=0x110, result > 0xFF), OV=1 (signed overflow: -112+(-128) should be -240, but result appears as +16)

C=0, OV=0 (no overflow in either unsigned or signed arithmetic)

C=0 (no unsigned overflow), OV=1 (signed overflow occurred)

0x19, because it's the same as positive 25

0x99, from inverting all bits but forgetting to add 1

0xE7, derived by inverting all bits of +25 (0001 1001 → 1110 0110) and adding 1 (1110 0111)

0xE6, from inverting all bits without adding the final 1

The Decimal Arithmetic OPU, which uses BCD representation for all operations

The Floating-Point OPU, which converts integers to floating-point for multiplication

The Logical Operations OPU, which handles all bit manipulations including multiplication

The Integer Arithmetic OPU, which contains dedicated hardware for the shift-and-add multiplication algorithm