abolish violence entirely

restore ritual sacrifice

remove its symbolic justification

deny the existence of conflict

reinterpret violence from the victim’s perspective

promote obedience to authority

sacralise social order

preserve a distorted interpretation of social crises

replace rivalry with cooperation

expose the innocence of victims

prevent violence from recurring

persists independently of its original object

is directed toward material scarcity

involves formal institutions

is morally condemned by the group

conscious decision to punish

failure to perceive its own collective violence

belief in the victim’s supernatural power

legal codification of guilt