Sound symbolism

The etymology of words

Context, purpose, and audience

The speaker’s emotional state

sound addition at word boundaries

loss of voicing

the absence of contrast between phonemes in certain contexts

formation of diphthongs

a phoneme cluster

a syntactic phrase

a unit of rhythm between stressed syllables

a sequence of sounds with the same pitch

pitch vs loudness

strong vs weak stress

short vs long vowels

voiced vs voiceless

sound spelling rules

speech melody

sound production organs

sound oppositions and their functional load

speech organs used in articulation

abstract language units that distinguish meaning

the letters of the alphabet

sequences of morphemes

the change of stress placement

phonetic symbols

morphological alternations

sound modifications in continuous speech

consonant voicing

duration only

tongue position and lip shape

pitch and volume

frequency in texts

the speaker’s dialect

manner and place of articulation, and voicing

spelling and origin