zero-to-one

one-to-many

many-to-many

one-to-one

customer transaction file

special journal

customer update file

customer master file

goods, cash

vendor, goods

goods, vendor

cash, goods

Cloud computing

Internet of things

Virtualisation

Blockchain

numbers and text only

numbers, text, graphics, video, and sound

text only

numbers only

Financial institutions have installment-loan cycles.

An organisation should implement all the available transaction cycle modules provided by the AIS software package.

A service company does not have an inventory system.

Retail stores do not have a production cycle.

artificial intelligence

internet of things

cloud computing

virtualisation

foreign keys

table rows

primary keys

table names

Primary keys can be null.

Foreign keys, if not null, must have values that correspond to the value of a primary key in another table.

Every column in a row must be single-valued.

All non-key attributes in a table should describe a characteristic about the object identified by the primary key.

Standardised reports

Improved efficiency

Reduced information silos

Improved simplicity