Both APA and Harvard

Only MLA

Only Chicago

Vancouver

Non-existent

Smooth and logically connected

Only visual, no words

Abrupt and confusing

Only your contact details and nothing else

More confusion than before

A clear understanding of the message, relevance of the topic and next steps or implications

Lots of unanswered questions with no takeaway

Title of the talk, your name, perhaps affiliation, and date

A list of all your references

Only the greeting “Hello everyone”

A large block of text about yourself

Thoughtful layout and spacing

Too much text, too many bullet points and too many ideas in one slide

Blank space

Key phrases and supporting visuals

Title slide only

Introduction, body, and conclusion

Bibliography slide only

Q&A slide only

Lets you add irrelevant content

Helps the audience follow and remember your message

Makes it longer and more impressive

Allows you to skip practising

Use only one source for everything

Paraphrase and cite correctly, avoiding plagiarism

Copy large chunks of text onto slides

Never mention the source at all

Lecturing without any breaks

Reading each slide aloud word for word

Inviting reflection, questions, or interactive elements

Showing off with complicated jargon always

Use footnotes instead of in-text citations

Omit page numbers in all cases

Only list the author’s first name in citations

Provide clear in-text references and a reference list