Promoting local entrepreneurship

Supporting local suppliers

Transferring skills to local workers

Exploiting natural resources

Transactions between one country and the rest of the world

Internal loans

Domestic inflation

Government expenditures

Regulate imports and exports

Encourage illegal trade

Promote monopolies

Discourage foreign trade

Eliminate all import taxes

Allow open access to markets

Promote only foreign companies

Support domestic industries through trade barriers

Common language

Single citizenship

Common external trade policy

Shared culture

Unit of account

Commodity

Medium of exchange

Store of value

Unit of account

Production of wealth

Store of value

Medium of exchange

Investment in domestic government securities

Investment by a firm or individual in business interests in another country

Investment by a country’s residents in foreign stock markets

Export of goods and services

Liberalize markets

Increase imports

Reduce domestic production

Limit foreign competition

Act as indirect protectionist tools

Promote efficiency

Speed up trade

Facilitate e-commerce