Introduction aux Système d'Exploitation 1
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/dev/null is a special file that acts as a "data sink" — anything written to it is discarded and ignored. It is commonly used to suppress unwanted output from commands, both standard output (stdout) and error output (stderr).
Common Uses:
- Discard standard output:
command > /dev/null - Discard error output:
command 2>/dev/null - Discard both:
command > /dev/null 2>&1
What does the following command do?
find /var/log -name "*.log" 2>/dev/null | tee >(grep -i "error" > errors.txt) | wc -l
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can move file2 from the destination to the source.
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can copy file1 and file3 from the source to the destination.
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can delete file3:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can read file3:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can modify file3:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can read file2:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can modify file2:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can delete file1:
Scenario A
user1@PC:~$ ls -ld / /home/ .
drwxrwxr-x 11 user1 user1 4096 Jan 18 08:29 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 4096 Nov 13 12:55 /
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan 14 01:59 /home/
user1@PC:~$ umask
0002
user1@PC:~$ groups user1 user2 user3 root
user1 : user1 user3
user2 : user2 user1
user3 : user3 user2
root : root
user1@PC:~$ mkdir source destination
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+rwx destination/
user1@PC:~$ chmod g+rwx source/
user1@PC:~$ chmod o+t destination/
user1@PC:~$ umask 070
user1@PC:~$ touch source/file1
user1@PC:~$ echo "file1 of user1" > source/file1
user1@PC:~$ chgrp user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chgrp -R user3 source/
user1@PC:~$ chown -R :user3 destination/
user1@PC:~$ su user2
Password:
user2@PC:/home/user1$ umask 077
user2@PC:/home/user1$ touch destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ echo "file2 of user2" > destination/file2
user2@PC:/home/user1$ su user3
Password:
user3@PC:/home/user1$ umask 700
user3@PC:/home/user1$ touch source/file3
user3@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user2@PC:/home/user1$ exit
exit
user1@PC:~$ echo "file3 of user3" > source/file3
After executing Scenario A, answer the following questions:
Question:
Select who can delete file2:
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