Ask students to delete all linkers from the paragraph to make it shorter.

Tell students to memorize the paragraph without paying attention to the linkers

Ask students to highlight all linkers in a model paragraph and then use at least three in their own writing.

Ask them to memorize city adjectives from a list.

Use graded adjectives and real photos to elicit richer vocabulary (lively, crowded, peaceful, polluted).

Correct their words immediately during speaking.

Ask them to translate “good” and “bad” into their language.

language learning through meaningful tasks

repetition and drills

grammar explanation first

translation and correction

use language to communicate meaning

memorize vocabulary

focus on translation accuracy

teach grammar deductively

Knowing only grammar rules

Translating accurately from L1

Reading fluently without interaction

Using appropriate language in real contexts

use songs and repetition drills

correct all mistakes immediately

explain every grammar rule

talk less so learners can construct language

More communicative tasks and interaction.

Stricter correction.

More worksheets.

Grammar translation activities.

shall

aren’t

despite

so

although

while