The

amount of water in a food

The

amount of energy per gram of food

The

number of ingredients in a food

The amount of vitamins, minerals and other beneficial nutrients per unit of energy (kJ/kcal) a food provides

Stomach

Large intestine

Small intestine only

Mouth (saliva/salivary glands)

Balance, energy control, macronutrient distribution, nutrient timing, restriction, and variety

Adequacy, balance, nutrient density, energy control, moderation, and variety

Adequacy, balance, nutrient timing, energy restriction, moderation, and variety

Nutrient density, energy control, supplementation, portion control, moderation, and variety

A type of fibre that cannot be broken down

A disaccharide found mainly in milk

A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made of many glucose molecules

A monosaccharide that is absorbed directly without digestion

The UL is the minimum intake needed to prevent deficiency in 97–98% of healthy individuals.

The UL is the maximum average daily intake that is unlikely to cause health risk for most healthy people; regularly exceeding it can increase the chance of harm/toxicity. 

The UL is used only when there is insufficient evidence to set an RDI.

They often involve restrictive rules, rapid weight loss, and limited food choices

They generally emphasise individualised dietary changes based on established evidence

They generally promote sustainable eating patterns that can be maintained long term

They often involve flexible guidelines, gradual weight loss, and varied food choices

Trans fats that support energy storage, found in fatty fish, flaxseed, and chia.

Saturated fats that provide energy and are found in animal fats.

Monounsaturated fats that provide rapid energy during exercise and are found in grains.

Polyunsaturated fats that support cell, brain, and cardiovascular health, found in fatty fish, flaxseed, and chia.

BMI accounts for sport-specific body composition factors

BMI directly measures fat mass and lean mass

BMI is the best method for athlete body composition monitoring

BMI fails to consider fat distribution and may be influenced by factors other than excess fat (e.g., bone & muscle mass), so it does not always reflect body composition

Pancreatic Amylase

Lactase

Salivary Amylase

Lipase

Bile salts + gastric lipase

Gastric amylase + maltase

Lactase + sucrase

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) + pepsin