Unwarranted assumptions are beliefs we accept without sufficient evidence or justification.

The fallacy of inappropriate appeal to authority is committed when an arguer cites a witness or an authority who, there is good reason to believe, is unreliable.

The following sentence is an argument: " James couldn’t submit his assignment on time because his laptop crashed the night before and he lost all his work."

Some strong arguments have false premises and a probably false conclusion. 

Every sound argument is valid.

From a critical thinking standpoint, an argument can be a good argument even if it is seriously lacking in accuracy, completeness and logic.

The principle of charity says we shouldn't assume someone is making a weak argument if there's enough evidence to believe they were trying to make a stronger, more reasonable point.

A fallacy is an argument that contains at least one false premise.

Practical inconsistency is when someone holds or states beliefs that contradict each other.

Critical thinking requires you to step back and assess a situation from all perspectives before making a decision or judgement.