Both central and local government, along with individuals and organisations

Central government only

Local government only

Ignoring climate change altogether

Reversing the effects of climate change

Adjusting to the impacts of climate change

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Mitigation focuses on reducing emissions, while adaptation focuses on adjusting to impacts

Mitigation is expensive, while adaptation is always cost-effective

Mitigation is short-term, while adaptation is long-term

Mitigation is for developed countries, while adaptation is for developing countries

To avoid public participation

To reduce costs of adaptation

To respond to faster-than-expected climate change impacts

To ensure compliance with regulations

Transformational

Reactive

Regressive

Anticipatory

Uncertainty in climate projections and local impacts

 Too much certainty in climate projections

Lack of public interest

Uniformity

Flexibility

Simplicity

Rigidity

Short-term and long-term risk

Direct and indirect risk

Physical and transition risk

Economic and social risk

Changes in government regulations

Shifts in consumer preferences

Extreme weather events

To set emissions reduction targets

To promote international climate agreements

To assess the country's vulnerability to climate change impacts

To fund adaptation projects