Complete the following statements on which elements of BACI can be applied to each of example:

• Today a chemical spilled into a major river and a program must be immediately started to clean up the river. However, there is no existing data on the river water quality.

• A large plantation forest is being planned and there is concern about its impact on a nearby river. Currently the entire region is used for grazing sheep and only a subset of the area will be converted to plantation. Also, the plantation will only commence

  in 10 years.

• A large new dam is proposed for Melbourne to assist with water security.  However there is concern that the dam will not improve the water security of the population. Hence the change in the water usage needs to be assessed. Note, there are no other similar catchments nearby.

Humans have been developing our understanding of the the hydrological cycle for:

Thinking about Abbot et al. (2019), our understanding of the hydrological cycle is:

Still thinking about Abbot et al. (2019), a major deficiency of most hydrological cycles are that Anthropocentric changes to the cycle are

You're studying the groundwater flow rate in your catchment. Use the data below to estimate the Darcian flow rate (in unit of m^2)

• Groundwater bore 1 land surface elevation = 106 m above sea level.
• Groundwater bore 2 land surface elevation = 62 m above sea level.
• Depth to the groundwater at bore 1 = 10.3 m.
• Depth to the groundwater at bore 2 = 8.8 m.
• Distance between the two bores = 1094 m.
• Aquifer conductivity = 1.9 m/day
• Aquifer thickness = 14 m

A small township is down stream of a major lake and the residence are concerned that the lake may overflow soon. 

Using the lake bucket model below (week 4) estimate the lake overflow (as mm) at the end of the day.

\frac{dS}{dt} = \frac{A_{catchment}} {A_{lake}} * f * P - E

Catchment properties:

• Catchment area, A_{catchment} of 11 km^2
• Lake area, A_{lake}, of 2 km^2
• Initial storage of lake 3870 mm

• Maximum storage of lake 4009 mm

• Fraction of rainfall to streamflow, f

  , of 0.31

• Average evaporation, E, of 4.3 mm/day
• Rainfall over the day, P

  ,  of 64 mm/day

Use the following catchment mass balance equation and observations to estimate the mean evaporation.

\frac{dS}{dt} = P - Q - E

where S is the catchment water storage, P is the annual rainfall, Q is the annual streamflow and E is the catchment evaporation.