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SCI1000 - Science communication to influence change - S2 2025

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Which of the following best defines a paradigm?

A type of pseudoscience.

A model or theory which is discarded by the scientific community as soon as someone finds a problem with it.

A model or theory which is widely accepted by a large proportion of the scientific community for a period of time.

100%

A model or theory which is completely correct.

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One relatively recent paradigm shift in science related to understanding and treating stomach ulcers.

Below are some of the key events in the paradigm shift. Match each event to the stage in Kuhn's cycle that best describes it. (Each stage in the model is only used once).

Image failed to load: The Kuhn cycle

Common acceptance that stomach ulcers (peptic ulcers) were caused by too much acid in the stomach.

Increasing evidence of H. pylori bacteria in stomach ulcer biopsies found and published by multiple researchers.

Barry Marshall and Robin Warren attempt to publish papers directly linking gastric ulcer disease to H. pylori. They meet opposition and rejection before finally succeeding.

Medical guidelines are updated to reflect the link between H. pylori and various types of stomach ulcers. Warren and Marshall are awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The first papers are presented at a conference showing that acid-reducing medications do not cure peptic ulcers.

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What is one way in which cognitive dissonance influence science communication?

Choose the most accurate answer.

Cognitive dissonance is a neurological process that helps the audience to relax when they hear new ideas so they process the information more effectively.

A person may be more likely to accept an idea proposed by an expert they disagree with than by someone they know personally and with whom they agree.

The effect usually leads someone to think they are better at a particular skill than they really are.

Someone may reject new ideas that disagree with their existing values, even though they agree that the new ideas are scientifically sound.

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