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Intra-aortic balloon pump

Pacemaker or Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of heart failure?

Coronary artery disease

Valvular heart disease

What is a key renal effect of natriuretic peptides?

Potassium retention

Reduced glomerular filtration rate

Sodium retention

Natriuresis (sodium excretion)

How does primary adrenal insufficiency affect blood pressure regulation?

It commonly causes hypertension due to increased renin secretion.

It has no significant impact on blood pressure regulation.

It results in episodic hypertension due to intermittent cortisol release.

It leads to hypotension due to cortisol and aldosterone deficiency.

Which of the following is true for sympathetic nerve activity….

it increases in response to mental stress

it decreases in response to painful stimuli

it increases in response to head-out water immersion

it decreases in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome in response to head-up tilt

Initially, head-up tilt causes

decreased venous return and decreased stroke volume

increased venous return and increased stroke volume

increased venous return and decreased stroke volume

decreased venous return and increased stroke volume

Autoregulation is defined as:

An organ’s ability to maintain local blood flow in the face of changes in arterial pressure.

Arterioles constrict when they are exposed to lower levels of arterial pressure.

A mechanism that dominates local control of blood flow in the skin.

A theory about the development of hypertension that is opposed to Guyton’s ‘kidney – body fluid mechanism of long-term blood pressure control’.

The main neurotransmitter released from post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves is…

acetylcholine

Renin

noradrenaline

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

Which of the following contributes to the maintenance of blood pressure at about 3 minutes following blood donation ?

aldosterone

angiotensin II induced vasoconstriction

capillary fluid shift

the kidney-body fluid mechanism

During head-out water immersion the production of urine increases because:

Cardiac baroreceptor firing decreases.

Water is absorbed through the skin.

Renal sympathetic nerve activity increases, leading to renin release.

Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from the heart.