Increased heart rate, increased ventricular end-diastolic volume or a reduction in sympathetic nerve activity

Increased stroke volume, increased cardiac contractility or increased plasma adrenaline

Increased sympathetic activity, increased ventricular end-diastolic volume or increased parasympathetic nerve activity

Increased heart rate, increased ventricular end-diastolic volume or a reduction in cardiac contractility

have a fall in arterial pressure

have an enhanced increase in parasympathetic nerve activity

have an increased heart rate response

have a normal increase in heart rate

9.0 l/min

2.5 l/min

5.2 l/min

0.5 l/min

Within 6 hours

Within 12 hours

Within 4.5 hours

Within 24 hours

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Basilar artery

Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Epidural hematoma

Intracerebral hemorrhage

50-150 mmHg

40-60 mmHg

60-180 mmHg

90-160 mmHg