Chemical instability of CO₂

Lack of available technology

Significant energy consumption

High water usage

Gulf Coast CCS project

Northern Lights project

Denbury pipeline network

Alberta Carbon Trunk Line

Gaseous CO₂ at high pressure

Supercritical CO₂ at high temperature

Solid dry ice

Cryogenic freezers

Magnetic levitation compressors

Single-stage pumps

Multi-stage compressors with intercooling

15.5 MPa and 50.1 °C

7.38 MPa and 31.1 °C

10.42 MPa and 40.2 °C

5 MPa and 20.9 °C

Rail transport

Ship transport

Pipeline transport

Truck transport

Corrosion due to oxygen

Formation of dry ice

High humidity

Overheating of the gas

To improve its chemical reactivity

To increase the temperature of CO₂

To turn carbon dioxide into a solid form

To reduce the volume for easier transport and storage

Solidifying CO₂ before transport

Burning CO₂ for energy

Using renewable electricity for compressors

Eliminating the need for transport altogether

Higher energy consumption

Land requirement is not a factor

Shared infrastructure leading to lower unit costs

Increase in CO₂