Soreness at the injection site

Severe allergy to any vaccine component

Family history of vaccine-related adverse events

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen and the body’s production of

antibodies

Protection without generating immunity yourself, such as antibodies passed

through the placenta

Immunity achieved through the administration of antiviral medications

Immunity developed through vaccination, which takes time to build but lasts

long-term

Protective proteins in the immune system

Substances that stimulate antibody production

Components of vaccines only

Cells that destroy antibodies

Herd

immunity is the process by which an individual gains immunity after being

infected by a virus for the first time

Herd

immunity only works in populations where individuals have never been exposed to

the disease before

Herd

immunity occurs when a large group from a population becomes immune to a

disease, either through vaccination or previous infection, reducing the spread

of disease

Herd

immunity refers to the collective ability of the immune system in individuals who

are susceptible to a disease

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Stomach acid

67%

43%

76%

56%

Post-exposure prophylaxis 

Antitoxins

Suppressive medications 

To minimise the cost of treatment in outpatient settings

To reduce the duration of therapy in all types of infections

To extend the antimicrobial spectrum for treating polymicrobial infections

Use of antibiotics

for viral infections due to uncertain diagnosis

Horizontal gene

transfer between bacterial species

Selective pressure

from antimicrobial exposure

Genetic mutation

during bacterial replication