causes hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential.

causes repolarization of the resting membrane potential.

causes the Na⁺/K⁺ pump to become active.

causes a prolonged refractory period.

does not open enough voltage-gated channels.

caused by the passive leakage of K⁺ out of the cell at rest.

produced by the high concentration of Cl^- ions inside the cell.

the result of the high Na⁺ permeability at rest.

caused by the passive leakage of Na⁺ out of the cell.

produced by high concentrations of Cl^- ions inside the cell.

These red blood cells have shrunken in response to a hypotonic external solution

These red blood cells have swollen in response to a hypertonic external solution

These red blood cells have shrunken in response to a hypertonic external solution

These red blood cells have swollen in response to a hypotonic external solution

These red blood cells have been placed in an isotonic solution