Guidance is provided based on the pilots' selection of the transmitters providing the pilot

Guidance is given using the localiser and the glide path selected by the pilot, the guidance

 The time interval between the TO and FROM scans in Azimuth and elevation determines

The distance between the TO and FROM scans in azimuth and elevation determines the

052

350

232

170

Fading and interference

Shoreline/Coastal effect

Diffraction

Absorption

Paths through areas of weather may be determined to ensure the safety and comfort of the flight.

It is the prime source for navigating through mountainous areas due to its ability to detect terrain.

All areas of turbulence may be identified to ensure the safety and comfort of the persons on board.

It detects ground features to enable navigation referenced to the ground when flying above clouds.

The Doppler effect is used to create a signal which is received by the aircraft's VOR-receiver as an amplitudemodulated sianal.

The Doppler effect is used to create a signal which is received by the aircraft's VOR-receiver as a frequencymodulated sianal.

By using the Doppler effect it is also possible to determine the aircraft's approach speed to the VOR.

By using the Doppler effect it is possible to determine the range of the aircraft from the VOR station moreaccurately.

0.3 seconds

10 seconds

6 seconds

15 seconds

TCAS and ADS-B interrogations.

SSR and ADS-B interrogations.

SSR and primary radar interrogations.

SSR and TCAS interrogations.

The PBN specifications that require operational approval are operator-dependent.

All PBN specifications require an operational approval.

The PBN specifications that require operational approval are MCTOM (Maximum Certified Take-Off Mass)-

only certain PBN specifications require an operational approval.

AJO, 114.8 MHZ, •_•=—- =—

AEA, 111.65 MHz, ... -

ALG, 382 kHz, ...-.. -

ALG, 113.8 MHZ, _•_ _

Two overlapping lobes on the same VHF carrier frequency

Two overlapping lobes on the same UHF carrier frequency

Two overlapping lobes on different radio carrier frequencies but with the same modulation

A pencil beam comprising a series of smaller beams each carrying a different modulation