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Lipid structure prediction

Discovering the double-helix structure of DNA

Protein structural prediction and computational protein design

Determining the 3D structure of the ribosome

Determining the 3D structure of the nuclear pore complex

10 000 parameters

The number of parameters is unimportant

500 trillion parameters

150 billion to 1 trillion parameters

1 million parameters

Never before have anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 due to our use of fossil fuels been so high.

Never before, the average annual air temperature in France was so high.

Never before have so many people lived on our planet.

The global mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has never been so high since measurements have started in the late 1950s.

The global mean air temperature has never been so high since measurements have started in the 1850s.

No, tropical regions warmed more compared to higher latitudes

Yes, the planet roughly warmed everywhere at same rate

No, land masses warmed more compared to oceans

No, the Artic warmed more compared to mid-altitudes

No, oceans warmed more compared to land masses

A measurement error of the thermometer (e.g. due to malfunctions of measuring devices).

An irreversible disturbance in the air temperature of an region.

A more frequent occurrence of extreme thermal events (e.g. heatwaves).

A long-term temperature trend (e.g. gradual warming over time).

A deviation in temperature (e.g. from an expected reference value).

Soils in lowlands will release methane, another, much more potent greenhouse gas.

Thawed soils will take up carbon dioxide, form organic layers, lowering global warming.

The consequence is that climate change is likely to progress faster and accelerated.

This process leads to further CO2 being released into the atmosphere due to microbial decomposition of previously frozen soil carbon.

Landslides and earth movements, releasing previously frozen soil carbon into rivers and into the atmosphere.

They were accumulated in the atmosphere

They were absorbed by the terrestrial biosphere

They have been captured by industrial processes (i.e. carbon capture)

They were absorbed by the world's oceans

They have been transformed into sedimentary rock

Formation of soils

Oxidation of CO2 by microbes

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Solution of carbon-dioxide in ocean water