Consider the following digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which uses a 3-bit word () to control which of the switches turns on (’1’ means closed) while all the others are kept turned off (’0’ means opened). For this end, it uses a decoder that converts each input to a 8-bit word () by means of one-hot encoding (only a single bit is ’1’).

Assuming the reference voltage , what is the analog output voltage for a binary input 101.

Consider the following circuit with a perfect bipolar analog-to-digital converter (ADC), with a uniform mid-tread quantizer, having a dynamic input range from to . Also, consider that, at the input , and the range of is .

Considering that has been designed to minimize the quantization error of the ADC in the full range of , obtain the output (in bipolar decimal) in the case when .

Consider the subranging -bit half-flash ADC shown in the figure (the ADCs employ uniform mid-rise quantizers). All the components are ideal, including rail-to-rail inputs/outputs with . The only exception is in the DAC output offset, which due to a fabrication error is .

For a sampled input voltage of , determine the digital output in binary.

Consider a square-waveform signal with zero mean value, as shown in the figure, where its root-mean square (RMS) value is .

Consider that, in a second phase, a half-wave (ideal) rectification is performed with as input, obtaining the signal shown in the figure.

Finally, the continuous component (dc) of is removed, obtaining the signal .

Determine , i.e. the RMS value of .

The spectral components (magnitude) of two signals is shown below.

In the circuit obtain V_x assuming that the RMS value of the current in the resistor is 7.7 mA.

In the following circuit, in which the amplifier is assumed ideal, the input () can operate between voltages and .

Assume that the output of the amplifier () will drive a circuit with input range between and , and . The resistance is and .

Determine to satisfy the maximum dynamic range requirement.

Consider the following voltage amplification circuit in which a Wheatstone bridge is employed at the input of an instrumentation amplifier (IA).

Assume , , , and .

Determine the value of so that the differential component has a low-pass filter response with cut-off frequency at 10 Hz (assume ).

Consider the measurement of the DC output voltage of a device under test (DUT), which consists of a voltage regulator, as shown in the figure. To obtain the voltage output for a given load , a 4  digital multimeter (DMM) was used as a voltmeter, always selecting the most adequate measurement range for the readings.

A large number of independent voltage readings were taken, with . This resulted in an average value and a standard deviation .

Determine the absolute value for the expanded combined uncertainty (from types A and B uncertainties) at a 95 % confidence interval.

The DMM manufacturer’s accuracy for the DC voltmeter is provided in the table below.

There are only six types of tea! That is, only those processed from Camellia sinensis leaves can be called this way. All others, nicknamed herbal teas are in reality tisanes (infusions). Anyway, this exercise will lead you to part of the design of a temperature sensor that monitors temperature of tea brewing (and infusions as well) on the appropriate scale, as indicated in the next table.

Let us make use of a thermistor NTC with at and . Furthermore, assume margin for the temperature range of interest, i.e. 10 % below 70 °C and above 100 °C. Consider the following circuit.

Now, firstly consider the midrange temperature, let us call it and derive based on the inflection-point method, i.e. .

Then, design the remaining circuit obtaining the value of that implies an output at half the power supply when the temperature is at midrange, i.e. . Admit and a linear output voltage range limited to from the power rails, i.e. , which should coincide with the temperature range specified.

The project of an analogue temperature sensor for bakery ovens was left unfinished after the departure of the electronic engineer responsible for the circuit design (who accepted a job offer from the competition earning double). As the new employee, your mission, should you decide to accept it, is to complete the circuit design depicted below.

The circuit aims to generate a linear voltage output () proportional to the temperature in the oven (), with a sensitivity of .

For the thermocouple, type E with a Seebeck coefficient has been selected.

For cold-junction compensation, the prior approach is maintained, using an analogue temperature sensor to produce a temperature-dependent voltage () given by , where is the temperature in Kelvin and .

It is essential that is free from any offset. As such, you need to determine the value of the regulated voltage () required to meet all these specifications.