Consider a remote measurement conducted over long distance, where each wire has a total resistance of , sharing identical lengths.

Admitting the instrumentation amplifier (IA) gain given by , with gain resistor , obtain the output voltage when .

Consider a regulated voltage output, which needs to be checked. Three dc digital bench voltmeters (DVM) are available (red DVM-1, green DVM-2, and blue DVM-3). Find which one provides the best measurement uncertainty, i.e. in the reading result , and provide the value of the uncertainty found only for that DVM.

The first DVM provided the reading , whereas the second shown , and finally, the third gave .

The accuracy performance is summarized below.

A digital multimeter (DMM) is used as a voltmeter to measure the potential difference of between two terminals of a device under test (DUT). The measurement is performed at a location with a temperature of .

The dc voltmeter has a display of 3.75 digits and operates within voltage ranges of 400 mV, 4 V, and 40 V. The remaining specifications are shown below.

Determine the absolute value of the reading uncertainty.

In the following circuit the thermistor NTC has at and .

The digital voltmeter (DVM), measuring the output , indicates . Obtain the temperature at the thermistor in °C.

The circuit shown in figure employs a type-B thermocouple with Seebeck coefficient , applied in a glass production system for measuring furnace temperatures during glass melting and forming processes.

To compensate the cold junction, an integrated analog circuit is used, providing a proportional-to-absolute temperature (PTAT) current given by , where is the temperature in °C, , and .

What is the value of that compensates the cold junction?

For the Hay bridge shown in the figure, assuming the bridge is in equilibrium, at the frequency of , calculate the series parasitic resistance of the inductor, , considering , , , and .

The universal digital counter, with the simplified diagram representation shown below, is operating as a frequency meter. The oscilator frequency is and the decade divider provides the time-base selection of frequency signals , .

Assuming an input signal with frequency , what is the number of pulses obtained by the decade counter when the most adequate time base has been chosen?

Consider the following digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which uses a 3-bit word () to control which of the switches turns on (’1’ means closed) while all the others are kept turned off (’0’ means opened). For this end, it uses a decoder that converts each input to a 8-bit word () by means of one-hot encoding (only a single bit is ’1’).

Assuming the reference voltage , what is the analog output voltage for a binary input 101.

Consider the following circuit with a perfect bipolar analog-to-digital converter (ADC), with a uniform mid-tread quantizer, having a dynamic input range from to . Also, consider that, at the input , and the range of is .

Considering that has been designed to minimize the quantization error of the ADC in the full range of , obtain the output (in decimal) in the case where .

Consider an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), with mid-tread quantization, having the transfer function shown in the figure.

Assuming a perfect ADC with full-scale voltage , obtain the output digital value (, in binary) when the analog input is .