Fe²⁺

K⁺

Ca ²⁺

Na⁺

damage to membranes and enzymes

imbalance of ions and water

regeneration, hypertrophy, hyperplasia

increased coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in mitochondria

circulatory hypoxia

hypobaric exogenous hypoxia

respiratory hypoxia

tissue hypoxia

respiratory acidosis

arterial hypocapnia

arterial hypoxemia

venous hypoxemia

Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Kussmaul respiration 

Tachypnea

Periodic respiration 

Gasping

chronic inflammatory condition of the lungs.

abnormal immune response in the lungs and other organs.

impaired function of the endocrine glands.

defect of the exocrine glands.

Air is absorbed from the alveoli distal to the obstruction.

Air continues to be inspired but is trapped distal to the obstruction.

Decreased surfactant production impairs lung expansion.

The involved lung is compressed.