Rank the research questions below by their precision. “First” should go to the most precise question. “Second” should go the second most precise question, and so on.

The book described the order in which academics normally read published papers to save time.

Put the steps in order

Variable X and Variable Y have zero correlation. If Variable X is high, what do you expect for Variable Y?

You are writing a study on the causal effect of daily ice-cream consumption in Brighton on crime. Through your research, you discover that sunshine has a causal effect on both ice-cream and crime. What is this causal link called, from the perspective of your study?

You are writing a study on the causal effect of marriage on happiness. Through your research, you discover that there is strong evidence that happiness causes people to get married. What is this causal link called, from the perspective of your study?

You are writing a study on the causal effect of marriage on happiness. Through your research, you discover that there is strong evidence that happiness causes people to get married. What is this causal link called, from the perspective of your study?

You see in the data a strong correlation between theft in London and the number of biscuits an Argentinian dog called Pedro eats for breakfast. There does not seem to be a direct causal connection. What do we call this correlation?

Which statement below represents the fundamental problem of causality?

Variable X and Variable Y are positively correlated (0.8). If we see a person for whom Variable X is low, do we normally expect Variable Y will be high or low?

You are interested in the effects of working hours on national productivity. You note that France implemented the 35-hour working week in 1998, but you cannot think of a counter-factual. Using data from 1990-1997, you discover that France behaves similar to an imaginary country composed of 35% Germany, 60% Britain, and 5% Ireland. What research design are you using?