Define normal microbiota and explain their significance to human health. Address the following points (4 points):

Definition – What are normal microbiota, and where are they commonly found in the human body?

Example – Provide one example of a normal microbial species and the body site it inhabits.

Factors influencing composition – Identify at least 3 factors that affect the composition of the normal microbiota 

Health role – Describe 2 beneficial functions of normal microbiota in maintaining human health 

Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade. 

Explain how bacterial populations can develop drug resistance in a short period of time. You may discuss the mechanisms of resistance, genetic factors, population dynamics, etc.

Name and explain at least two strategies to reduce antibiotic resistance. 

Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell ________.

Most symptoms of endotoxins can be treated with administration of anti-endotoxin antibodies.

The principle mechanism of the A-B exotoxins is that the A component binds to the host cell receptors to allow the B component to enter the cell.

Most members of the domain Bacteria have been discovered.

Transduction requires a

________ to move DNA from one bacterial cell

to another

A persistent infection is one in which ________.

A drug that inhibits cell mitosis, such as griseofulvin, would be more effective against ________.

Infections with some viruses may induce chromosomal changes that alter the growth properties of host cells.