external currencies

unlimited currencies

soft currencies

hard currencies

Carbon cycle

Greenhouse check

Greenhouse log

Carbon footprint

ESG disclosures are often used as a tool to obscure unsustainable or unethical practices rather than address them.

Effective ESG strategies may offer firms a competitive edge in markets that prioritize sustainability.

ESG initiatives can enhance a company’s long-term reputation and brand value.

Transparent ESG reporting fosters stronger trust and engagement with key stakeholder groups.

British will have a lower standard of living.

British will export more UK products.

British will cancel vacations to the USA.

Americans will import fewer British products.

Free trade area

Customs union

Common market

Political union

It reduces currency risk by allowing the company to invest the home currency on in-house production facilities.

It minimizes production risk by ensuring the timely delivery of essential components, preventing delays in the manufacturing process.

It reduces production risk by eliminating delays in the timely receipt of needed parts.

It reduces economic risk by facilitating the purchase of large insurance policies.

The company would receive more renminbi if the sales price was expressed in renminbi originally.

The company would receive less renminbi if the sales price was expressed in the buyer's currency.

The company would receive less renminbi if the sales price was expressed in renminbi originally.

The company would receive more renminbi if the sales price was expressed in the buyer's currency.

Introduce an administrative delay

Impose a currency control

Reduce tariffs

Impose a quota

Regional economic integration

Protectionism

Economic nationalism

Mercantilism

Ethical standards are universal, but their enforcement varies across societies.

The evolution of civilization determines which ethical codes are legitimate and enforceable.

Some ethical principles are inherently superior and should guide global conduct regardless of context.

Moral judgments must be evaluated against the norms and values of the culture in which they occur.