A 3-year-old girl is brought

to the emergency at night. It all started just a few hours ago when she

complained about a beginning sore throat. Unfortunately, the pain has increased

significantly to the point that the girl is unable to speak or swallow due to

the pain. She sits in a forward position, is very pale, finds it difficult to

breathe and has a high fever. Already according to the clinical picture, the

cause is clear to the doctor. High inflammatory parameters and gentle physical

examination confirm the diagnosis of acute epiglottitis, a life-threatening

swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis caused by

A 42-year-old patient

comes to his dentist for a regular check-up. The patient suffers from

periodontitis for a long time, which is an inflammatory disease of the

supporting apparatus of the teeth, which consists of the gums, periodontal

ligaments, cementum, and the alveolar process of the bone. The cause is the activity

of microorganisms, their multiplication promotes dental plaque and tartar.

Periodontal ligaments made of dense connective tissue fix the tooth to the gum

or alveolus. Their quality can be significantly impaired even by the lack of

one vitamin. Which one?

During a preventive dental check-up, 35-year-old

man is found to have tooth decay between his first and second molars. As the

decay has already penetrated the enamel and reached the dentin, new dentin

begins to form in response to this local irritation. What type of dentin is

produced?

A 44-year-old man comes to the

physician because of a 6-month history of persistent cough with

yellow mucus and worsening shortness of breath. One year ago, he

had similar symptoms that lasted 4 months. He has smoked two

packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. 

A 45-year-old patient

comes to the dental emergency at night for an acute toothache. Previously, the

given tooth was more sensitive to cold or warm stimuli. Now the pain is

throbbing and constant, and cold stimuli tend to relieve it. Common analgesics

are ineffective. The patient is diagnosed with acute pulpitis, inflammation of

the dental pulp. The dental pulp is mainly made up of loose connective tissue,

which is also the reason why inflammation spreads easily here. What important

type of cell is also part of the pulp chamber?

An investigator

studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 10 μm sized particles to a healthy subject via

a special mask. These particles are found to deposit

on the surface of the respiratory tract with a pseudostratified epithelium.

Which of the following mechanism is the most likely way of clearance of the

particulate matter in this subject?

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother

because of a few-day history of fever and cough. He has

had similar episodes of inflammation of the respiratory tract with fever, cough, and runny nose with the presence of thick, colored mucus

A 10-year-old boy oversleeps and is late for

school in the morning. It is cold outside and he runs away to avoid being late.

Unfortunately, he is asthmatic and the combination of cold air, physical

exertion, and fear of being late causes him to have an asthma attack. He has

trouble breathing, feels chest tightness and a feeling of lack of air. A low

whistling sound is heard during his exhalation. The boy carries an inhaler

which he uses and manages to control the attack. During an asthma attack, there

is swelling of the mucous membranes, excessive secretion of the bronchial

glands, and contraction of the smooth muscles. It also affects the small

bronchioles, the wall of which is not strengthened by cartilage. Which picture

shows a picture of such a bronchiole?

A 64-year-old man

with diverticular disease comes to the emergency department because of painless

rectal bleeding, dizziness, and lightheadedness for 2 hours. His

temperature is 37.8°C, his pulse is 120/min, his respirations are 23/min, and his blood pressure is 83/61 mmHg. His skin and mucous membranes are

pale. Physical examination shows bright red rectal bleeding. Endoscopic

hemostasis is performed. On the base of liver enzymes elevation together with

hemoglobin decrease in plasma, we assume that hypoxic damage of hepatocytes has

occurred, especially in zone III (near the central vein). Which unit of the

liver parenchyma consists of 3 zones, one of which is the zone around the

central vein?

A younger colleague

asks you for advice. He received an insufficiently labeled sample from an

intestinal biopsy. The presence of which cells will best tell him whether it is

a small or large intestine?