A 63-year-old man comes to the physician for

a follow-up evaluation of chronic, retrosternal chest pain. The pain

is worse at night and after heavy meals. He has taken medicines to reduce the

production of stomach acids for several months without any relief from his symptoms.

An upper endoscopy shows changes in the

A 15-year-old girl had her tongue pierced unprofessionally by her

friend. Unfortunately, this unprofessional execution led to an infection of the

tongue, as well as the sublingual salivary gland located nearby. Which of the

following describes the histological description of this gland?

A 36-year-old man

presents with abdominal pain and gastroesophageal reflux (connected with

heartburn). An endoscopic exam reveals gastric ulcers. A serum analysis reveals

increased levels of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric

acid from the parietal cells of gastric glands. Which of the following cell

types is the source of the hormone?

A 64-year-old man

with diverticular disease comes to the emergency department because of painless

rectal bleeding, dizziness, and lightheadedness for 2 hours. His

temperature is 37.8°C, his pulse is 120/min, his respirations are 23/min, and his blood pressure is 83/61 mmHg. His skin and mucous membranes are

pale. Physical examination shows bright red rectal bleeding. Endoscopic

hemostasis is performed. On the base of liver enzymes elevation together with

hemoglobin decrease in plasma, we assume that hypoxic damage of hepatocytes has

occurred, especially in zone III (near the central vein). Which unit of the

liver parenchyma consists of 3 zones, one of which is the zone around the

central vein?

A 45-year-old patient

comes to the dental emergency at night for an acute toothache. Previously, the

given tooth was more sensitive to cold or warm stimuli. Now the pain is

throbbing and constant, and cold stimuli tend to relieve it. Common analgesics

are ineffective. The patient is diagnosed with acute pulpitis, inflammation of

the dental pulp. The dental pulp is mainly made up of loose connective tissue,

which is also the reason why inflammation spreads easily here. What important

type of cell is also part of the pulp chamber?

A 22-year-old patient

presents for a colonoscopy to confirm a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or

ulcerative colitis. He has been suffering from crampy abdominal pain with

watery diarrhea with admixture of blood and mucus for several weeks. During the

endoscopy, a typical picture of mucosal damage by these autoimmune

inflammations is described and a biopsy is taken for histological examination,

which finally establishes the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative

colitis is a rare autoimmune type of

A 59-year-old

lifelong alcoholic man presents with fever and abdominal pain that radiates to

his back. A physical exam reveals that his abdomen is tender in the midline

between the bottom of his ribs and his umbilicus. Blood tests reveal elevated

levels of pancreatic enzymes, and ultrasound suggests inflammation of the

pancreas or pancreatitis. The elevated pancreatic enzymes are from which of the

following cell types?

A 44-year-old man comes to the

physician because of a 6-month history of persistent cough with

yellow mucus and worsening shortness of breath. One year ago, he

had similar symptoms that lasted 4 months. He has smoked two

packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. 

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother

because of a few-day history of fever and cough. He has

had similar episodes of inflammation of the respiratory tract with fever, cough, and runny nose with the presence of thick, colored mucus

An investigator

studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 10 μm sized particles to a healthy subject via

a special mask. These particles are found to deposit

on the surface of the respiratory tract with a pseudostratified epithelium.

Which of the following mechanism is the most likely way of clearance of the

particulate matter in this subject?