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is formed by hyaline cartilage, covered with mucosa.

is composed of elastic cartilage.

has a stratified squamous epithelium on the lingual surface.

has its laryngeal surface covered with simple columnar epithelium.

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Ciliated cells of the epithelium in the respiratory tract

serve to transport of respiratory gases through the mucosa into the blood.

have stereocilia that trap inhaled microscopic particles.

have kinocilia whose movement moves mucus towards the pharynx.

cover the surface of the vocal cords (plicae vocales).

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Vocal folds (plicae vocales)

contain the elastic ligament - ligamentum vocale.

contain smooth muscle.

are supported by fibrous cartilage.

on their surface is a stratified squamous epithelium.

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In the interalveolar septum, there are

reticular and elastic fibres of the extracellular matrix.

small islands of hyaline cartilage that prevent alveoli from collapsing during expiration.

fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages.

pulmonary capillaries of continuous type.

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The interalveolar septum contains

alveolar epithelium.

basal lamina of epithelium and endothelium.

endothelium of the continuous capillaries.

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Pulmonary alveoli

are the main site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

air in the alveoli is separated from the blood by the blood-air barrier.

contain goblet cells.

are lined with a pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

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The pulmonary alveoli are lined with

type II pneumocytes, which are cuboidal and release surfactant.

mesothelium, club cells, and surfactant.

endothelium and secretory pneumocytes.

type I pneumocytes, which have the shape of a simple squamous epithelium.

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Pulmonary surfactant

its composition is a lipoprotein complex containing proteins, neutral lipids and especially phospholipids.

its source is the leakage of plasma from fenestrated capillaries of interalveolar septa.

reduces the surface tension of the alveoli, i.e. reduces the mechanical work required to stretch the inner surface of the lungs during inspiration.

is produced by type II pneumocytes.

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are macrophages, usually with phagocytized dust particles.

are a source of immunoglobulins that protect the lungs against infection.

are derived from monocytes originating in the bone marrow.

reduce alveolar surface tension by producing surfactant.

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Periodontal ligaments

contain Sharpey's fibres that run through the periodontium.

vitamin C deficiency causes periodontal atrophy.

have a rapid protein turnover, therefore its condition may reflect possible disorders of connective tissue metabolism.

are made of dense collagen connective tissue.

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