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A 67-year-old woman suffers from back and hip pain. Physical examination reveals that she has a slightly stooped posture and is slightly shorter than she was a few years ago. The patient is most likely suffering from osteoporosis, which particularly affects postmenopausal women. To confirm this, a bone density measurement, called densitometry, is performed using X-rays. What should the measured bone density be to confirm osteoporosis?
A 29-year-old woman comes to the doctor for repeated infections caused by Anaplasma (bacteria). Unfortunately, this particular species is resistant to most antibiotics, so it is necessary to prescribe an antibiotic from the tetracycline group. These antibiotics have a high ability to build into the mineral component of newly formed bone as well as tooth enamel and dentin, thereby damaging these hard tissues. Given the properties of these antibiotics, what can prevent the use of a drug from this group?
A 9-year-old female presents with flushing, urticaria, pruritus, dizziness, and shortness of breath following an insect bite. In the
emergency, she was treated with high-flow oxygen, fluids, and corticosteroids. Activation of which of the following cell types was responsible for her presenting symptoms?
A 36-year-old man is required to attend a Pulmonary clinic as part of a contact investigation for a person who tested positive for tuberculosis. He works in a factory where he encounters a large number of unvaccinated persons among whom the disease has begun to spread. Since the man is properly vaccinated and his results are negative, this check is performed only a once. is a specific bacterium that is able to survive after phagocytosis inside macrophages. Once it is engulfed by macrophages, it starts to produce a protein called PtpA (protein tyrosine phosphatase A). These molecules knock out two different mechanisms that the macrophage needs to create the acidic environment necessary for bacteria to break down. As a result, the tuberculosis bacteria hide inside the macrophages and completely escape the attention of the immune system. When they multiply sufficiently, they escape the cell and invade other parts of the body. What should properly occur after phagocytosis and destruction of these bacteria inside the macrophage?
A 46-year-old woman fell on ice in winter and broke her tibia. After an X-ray examination, it was decided to cast the limb. After 2 weeks she presented for a check-up and tightening of the cast; after 8 weeks the cast was removed. During the healing process of the bone fracture, a blood clot first appears filling the fracture. The clot is remodelled into a non-specific granulation tissue. This tissue then forms a connective callus. In the temporary connective tissue, both the fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage differentiate. The connective tissue and cartilage are subsequently replaced by bone. Which type of bone tissue appears first during the healing process?
Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However, the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?
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52-year-old homeless alcoholic has lived eating out of trash cans for several years. She presents with bleeding and inflated gums. She is irritable, clinically depressed, and fatigued with general muscle weakness. What might be the underlying mechanism for the symptoms in this patient?
A 12-year-old boy is at his GP for a routine preventive check-up. His height seems unusual for his age, as he is 160 cm tall, which is significantly above average according to the growth charts. Examination of the growth (somatotropin) hormone (HGH) level from the blood shows its elevated value. The boy is therefore diagnosed with so-called gigantism caused by excessive secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland. Which of the following conditions must be met for excess HGH to manifest itself as gigantism, i.e. excessive growth of the entire body? (illustrative figure – ossification)
A 16-year-old ski jumper was taken to hospital after falling during a race. Among other things, he hit his head hard during the fall and was unconscious for a while. He will therefore undergo a CT scan of his head and neck at the hospital. This reveals a subdural haemorrhage, which is caused by bleeding of the bridging veins, namely between the dura mater and the arachnoidea. What connective tissue is the dura mater made of?
A 67-year-old otherwise perfectly healthy woman decides to work in her garden on a hot summer day. She spends several hours in the garden in direct sunlight without any fluid intake. Suddenly she becomes dizzy, falls down and loses consciousness. A few hours later, her neighbour finds her and calls an ambulance, which takes her to hospital. Nothing serious happened to the woman during the fall. The cause of the collapse was clearly overheating accompanied by severe dehydration. To be sure and to rule out other causes of the collapse, the patient's blood is taken and sent to the laboratory. What's the hematocrit likely to be in this patient? (illustrative figure – blood smear)