Effector mechanisms in autoimmunity include circulating high-affinity antibodies recognizing pathogens

Failure of self-tolerance results in immune against self-antigens and destruction of cells or normal tissue

All autoimmune diseases show higher incidence in males than in females

Among the genes associated with autoimmunity, coding for the CD4 molecule is the most affected gene

Infectious pathogens are present in all autoimmune lesions

Acetylcholine

Myelin basic protein

A gluten-derived peptide modified by the transglutaminase

Proinsulin

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

Cancer cells are completely resistant to presenting MHC II molecules and antigens, while normal cells do

Tumor-specific antigens, which are found on cancer cells but not on healthy cells, result from mutations in genes that generate a novel amino acid sequence (neoantigens)

Alloantigens are processed and presented by certain cancer cells

Xenoantigens are located on tumor cells and presented by MHC

Allergens are processed and presented by selective cancer cells

The secreted form of the Poly-Ig receptor binds to IgM. As a result, IgA is secreted

IgA-dimers are transported from the lamina propria to the lumen via so-called transcytosis

 IgA is not transported by epithelial cells, instead directly secreted by plasma cells into the lumen

 IgA are associated with CD8 molecules and then secreted to the lumen

IgA are tetramers in the mucosal immune system

Recruitment of T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells into the tumor microenvironment

Secretion of IL-6

Tumor cells may create a tumor microenvironment marked by increased pro-inflammatory activity

Activation of the TAP transporter and tapasin

Downregulation of FOXP3 occurs in tumor cells

They secrete high levels of histamine to distract neutrophils from attacking healthy tissue

They secrete inhibitory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress self-reactive T cells

They convert into CD8+ T cells when they encounter a viral infection in the lungs

They directly kill B cells before they have a chance to undergo V(D)J recombination

They travel to the bone marrow to act as "guards" that prevent the release of any monocytes

B cells recognize only processed peptide fragments, while T cells recognize whole, native proteins

B cells recognize antigens via MHC II molecules, while T cells use MHC I

T cells, more precisely the TCR, require antigens to be processed and presented on MHC molecules, whereas B cells, more precisely the BCR, can recognize soluble, intact antigens

B cells require "co-stimulation" from dendritic cells to recognize an antigen, while T cells do not

B cells utilize toll-like receptors (TLRs) as their primary antigen-specific receptor, whereas T cells utilize the TCR

Is primarily dimeric

Neutralizes bacteria with a very high affinity, not found in other Ig classes

Typically exhibits very high affinity to a specific antigenic epitope 

Contains the same number of constant domains as IgG

Is the predominant Ig class following an initial immune response to pathogens

Neutrophils can release the contents of cytoplasmic granules, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary granules

Neutrophils are professional antigen-presenting cells 

Neutrophils recognizing antigens on antigen-presenting cells

Neutrophils are bone marrow-derived stem cells

Neutrophils have specialized granules that contain only cytokines

Enhance T helper cells for eliminating viral-infected cells 

Signal transduction

Eliminate helminths via the B cell receptor

Activate T regulatory cells

Produce and secrete antibodies