One-to-all delivery of a message.

Consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message travels from source to destination.

One-to-many delivery of a message.

This function is used to determine if data became corrupted during transmission. 

The process of placing one message format inside another message format.

The process of converting information into another acceptable form, for transmission.

When this occurs, hosts on the network have rules that specify what action to take if no reply is received.

Used by source and destination to negotiate correct timing for successful communication.

This function provides guaranteed delivery mechanisms in case messages are lost or corrupted in transit.