Mitochondrial matrix

Thylakoid space

Cytosol

Stroma

Thylakoid membrane

Complex II

Complex I

Complex V

Complex IV

Complex III

4

3

1

2

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrial matrix

Cytosol

Mitochondrial intermembrane space

Nucleus

Both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are greater outside the cell.

Both sodium and potassium ion concentrations are greater inside the cell.

Sodium ion concentration is greater outside the cell, while potassium ion concentration is greater inside the cell.

Sodium ion concentration is greater inside the cell, while potassium ion concentration is greater outside the cell.

Sodium and potassium ion concentrations are equal inside and outside the cell.

Glucose is actively transported by ion channels.

Glucose requires ATP to cross the membrane.

Glucose is nonpolar and can easily diffuse through the membrane.

Glucose is too large and polar to diffuse through the lipid bilayer without assistance.

Glucose is hydrophobic and repelled by the membrane.

It blocks the entry of calcium ions into the cell.

It pumps calcium ions out of the cell using ATP.

It transports calcium ions against their concentration gradient.

It allows calcium ions to diffuse freely across the membrane.

It allows calcium ions to enter the cell in response to a specific ligand binding.

Alpha helix

Tertiary protein structure

Helical DNA structure

Quaternary protein structure

Anti-parallel beta sheet

Nucleotide

Fatty acid

Amino acid

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide