Carbon emissions caused by construction and operational waste.

Emissions generated during the construction and operational of the building.

Carbon emissions released from the soil due to changing the soil profile from natural soil to the built environment.

Carbon emissions generated in the production and transportation of building materials, and during the building's construction, maintenance, and demolition process.

Carbon emissions generated from the day-to-day use of the building.

Formwork that cannot be reused anymore

A non-reusable formwork system which becomes part of permanent structure

A timber formwork system

A self-rising formwork system

Back propping that increases the stability of formwork

Recycled concrete

Concrete with low cement content

Cross laminated timber

Recycled steel

Recycled plastic and concrete

Formwork which has not been installed in a complete manner resulting in unformed surface of concrete

Wet concrete which has not been poured

A concrete surface that does not require formwork to provide either shape or finish to the

surface

Concrete which has not been cured

Concrete which has not been vibrated

Interior space plan

Furniture, fixtures and equipment

Services

Structure

Facade

Inaccurate energy modelling

Expensive technologies

Individual user preferences in opening and closing doors or windows

Poor construction quality

Poor constructability

237.6 s

243.2 s

202.8 s

216.7 s

221.4 s

Formwork props and supports which do not directly contact with concrete

A temporary work platform

Another term to refer to the slipform or jumpform system

Another name for bondek which is used in composite construction of concrete slabs

A formwork system that is predominantly made out of timber

3633 kg

3901 kg

3767 kg

3603 kg

3884 kg