Spinal cord injury 

CN VIII

CN VII

Stroke 

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Splenius Capitus

SCM and Trapezius 

Trapezius

Facial nerve, CN VII

Spinal Accessory nerve

Vagus nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Hypoglossal nerve

Polysynaptic reflex

requiring multiple interneurons for processing

A voluntary response

controlled by the cerebral cortex

A reflex that

bypasses the spinal cord and is processed only in the brain

Monosynaptic reflex

involving direct communication between a sensory and motor neuron

Last intact level of

motor and sensory function

Last intact sensory

level

Level of injury in

MRI/CT

Last intact motor

level

A lesion within PNS and deficits include diminished or absent reflexes, atrophy of muscles, paralysis of muscles (flaccid), fasciculations (muscle twitching), decreased tone*  

A lesion within CNS and deficits include diminished or absent reflexes, atrophy of muscles, paralysis of muscles (flaccid), fasciculations (muscle twitching), decreased tone  

A lesion within CNS and deficits includes exaggerated reflexes, presence of clonus or Babinski, increased tone, spasticity  

A lesion within PNS and deficits includes exaggerated reflexes, presence of clonus or Babinski, increased tone, spasticity  

A specific group of muscles innervated by a single ventral root of a spinal nerve segment*  

A specific group of muscles innervated by 1-2 ventral roots of spinal nerve segments  

A specific group of motor neurons that innervate multiple muscle fibers.  

An area of skin supplied by the sensory nerve fibres of a specific dorsal root of a spinal nerve segment  

Motor neurons

Sensory receptors

Spinal cord tracts

Cranial nerves 

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe