Exclusive focus on luxury markets.

Regional diversity, multicultural synthesis, and

environmental awareness.

Uniform national style.

Strict adherence to Bauhaus formalism.

Elimination of design education programs.

Complete dependence on imported European

products.

Shift away from manufacturing and applied arts.

Establishment of national councils and schools

promoting industrial design.

Loud, self-promotional, and trend-driven.

Luxurious and ornamental, following French

decorative traditions.

Quietly innovative, practical, and socially

conscious.

Focused entirely on importing American design

trends.

Prioritizing aesthetics over social

responsibility

Integrating creativity with systems thinking,

research, and ethics

Specializing narrowly in one medium

Rejecting technology in favor of tradition

Replacement of physical making with

lecture-based instruction

Learning through workshop practice and

interdisciplinary collaboration

Focus exclusively on theoretical study

Separation of art and technology

Random design dilemmas solved by chance

Strictly technical problems isolated from

society

Wicked problems—open-ended and interdependent

issues

Simple problems with clear answers