By using fixed-length offsets

By reassembling logs in chronological order

By relying on row-wise partitioning techniques

By embedded record IDs

An index that is maintained without regard to the physical order of the underlying data. 

An index constructed in a random order based on hash values.  

An index that only indexes modified records and ignores static data. 

An index where entries are stored in the same order as the data records, facilitating efficient range queries.   

The clustering index determines the physical order, while the non-clustering index is maintained separately and may contain multiple pointers to the same record.

The clustering index is always implemented as a dense index, whereas the non-clustering index is always implemented as a sparse index.

Both indexes determine the physical order of the records in the table.

The non-clustering index always results in faster query performance than the clustering index.