It prevents any communication between edge resources and end devices.

 It ensures that all decisions are made centrally in the cloud.

It allows autonomous resources to make local decisions that lead to globally optimal system behavior.

 It increases the dependency on centralized data centers.

Balancing computational tasks between resource-constrained vehicles and edge nodes while maintaining low latency.

Completely replacing edge resources with cloud-based solutions.

Ensuring high-speed internet connectivity for all vehicles at all times.

Avoiding the use of sensors and actuators in connected vehicles.

Exclusively at the end-device layer.

Across all three layers to coordinate tasks and resource sharing.

Only at the edge resource layer.

Only at the cloud layer.

Ignoring device mobility and focusing only on fixed sensors.

Random selection of devices without considering their resource availability.

Energy-aware selection that balances the trade-off between information quality and remaining battery life.

Assigning all tasks to the cloud for centralized processing.

Elimination of all network bandwidth constraints (Throughput)

Color schemes for user interfaces (Usability)

 Device-specific hardware upgrades for QoS

Reliability, security, and privacy.