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BCSE205L Computer Architecture and Organization (Theory) Winter 2025-26 (A1+TA1) [VL2025260502022]
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18. Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows data transfer without CPU intervention. What is the main advantage of DMA?
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19. In interrupt-driven I/O, the CPU is notified only when a device is ready. What is the benefit of this method?
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10. Registers are located inside the CPU and provide the fastest access. Which memory is fastest in a system?
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3. In a memory system, the average memory access time is observed to be 14 nanoseconds. The cache access time is 2 nanoseconds and the miss penalty is 60 nanoseconds. What is the miss rate of the cache?
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20. A synchronous bus operates using a common clock signal. What is the key feature of a synchronous bus?
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1. A Processor operating at a clock frequency of 2 GHz executes a program consisting of 2 million instructions. The instruction mix is such that 50% of the instructions require 1 clock cycle, 30% require 3 clock cycles, and the remaining instructions require 2 clock cycles. Considering that 1 GHz equals (10^9) cycles per second, what is the total execution time of the program?
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14. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently accessed data. What happens during a cache miss?
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12. Memory interleaving distributes memory across multiple modules. What is the main purpose of this technique?
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2. A computer system transfers a file of size 256 MB using programmed I/O at a rate of 8 MB/s, where 1 MB is equal to (10^6) bytes. The same file is transferred using DMA at a rate of 32 MB/s. What is the time saved when DMA is used instead of programmed I/O?
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5. Hardwired control units are designed using fixed logic circuits. What is their main characteristic?
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