Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds 

     Suspended solids and turbidity

       Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

       Heavy metals such as lead and mercury

       Dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide

     All of the above

Water supply and sanitation (WASH) including

safe drinking water and treatment

Flood and drought risk management through

forecasting and early warning

Environmental flows and ecosystem services to

sustain biodiversity

Groundwater management including aquifer

assessment and recharge enhancement

Edge effects are often

viewed as harmful because they can lead to higher mortality rates for interior

species, increase vulnerability to predators

edges are characterized by

higher levels of solar radiation and wind than the forest core, resulting in

warmer, drier air and soil with greater fluctuations of temperature and

moisture than the forest core

Edge effect- changes in

population or community structures, such as increased biodiversity or altered

species composition, that occur at the boundary of two or more habitats

The boundary of two or more

habitats, called ecotones, often experiences distinct microclimates

Edge effects or the edge

area does not facilitate the invasive species more than the inner forest area

To design infrastructure that adheres to regulations such

as air, water, and waste management standards.

.     

To ensure that international environmental standards do not

apply to local projects.

To guarantee that no waste is generated during any

industrial process.

  To prioritize

economic growth over ecological sustainability.

 To enable engineers

to act as lawyers during public hearings.

Restricting water access for residents and increasing

utility maintenance costs.

Decreasing air quality,

increasing urban heat island effects, reducing the need for street lighting, increasing

stormwater runoff, and increasing concrete usage

Only serving an aesthetic

purpose, increasing stormwater runoff, providing no measurable impact on local

economic or environmental performance

Increasing urban heat

island effects, reducing property values and biodiversity, and increasing

stormwater runoff

Enhancing air quality by

filtering pollutants, lowering city temperatures, reducing stormwater runoff,

promoting biodiversity, and improving mental health

Wetlands reduce floods by storing extra water, controlling

pollution and sediment, and providing detoxification and erosion control.

Wetlands must be removed and replaced with tanks to be

useful in urban stormwater systems.

Wetlands accelerate runoff to downstream areas, increasing

peak flow rates.

Wetlands function effectively only when the water table is

at least 5 meters below the surface.

Wetlands are only applicable for wastewater treatment and

have no role in flood attenuation. 

.      

.      

.      

The collective leaf surface area provides significant

temporary retention capacity for rainfall.

Canopy interception and evapotranspiration reduce the

volume of rainfall reaching the ground surface.

.  

Relying exclusively on

conventional gray infrastructure for all water conveyance and treatment in

urban planning & designing.

Integrating the

management of the entire urban water (rainwater, stormwater, groundwater, and

wastewater) into urban planning and infrastructure design holistically.

Focusing water

management solely on post-development retrofitting rather than early-stage planning

& design integration.

Designing just a

pipe-based drainage system that maximizes the speed of runoff to prevent local reservoir

overflow.

Managing stormwater,

wastewater, and potable water as entirely separate, independent systems in an

urban setting.

       A & B only

A,B, C All are correct

Restoration of degraded ecosystems & Sustainable land

management

     Creating wildlife corridors and crossings

     Habitat protection and conservation

Using only chemical treatment to remove pollutants from

runoff before discharge.

Increasing the capacity of combined sewer systems to handle

peak storm flows without overflow.

Installing large,

centralized treatment plants at the downstream end of the catchment

Protecting natural systems

and reducing impervious cover as a non-structural approach.

Both B & C are correct