Consider the following equation, and answer the questions that follow:

a)      Name and define the condition related to this equation. (3)

b)      What is the difference between  and ? (3)

c)      What does  refer to? (2)

d) can refer to different points on the image, depending on how it was defined. Name three of these points.  (3)

e)      Name and describe the two primary applications of the collinearity condition used to establish camera–image–ground relationships in photogrammetry.  (6)

Lens vignetting is caused by:

A process used to blend/blur seams between mosaic images:

In Interior Orientation, what element is measured with respect to the symmetrical distortion? 

During orthorectification, why must the XY coordinates of fiducial marks be both inputted manually (from camera calibration) and identified on the image?

An image enhancement technique that employs a weighted kernel and a sum statistic:

Aircraft rotations effect that causes an offset in the y-axis is known as:

A colleague who is new to GIS/photogrammetry loads an image dataset into ArcGIS Pro/PCI Focus, but the image appears completely black on screen. Which TWO statements correctly identify the likely cause and the appropriate solution? Select two.

Provide a sketch illustrating the standard geometry of a vertical aerial photograph (photogrammetric image capture), showing the relationship between the camera, image plane, and the ground. Ensure that all required labels/annotations are provided. Answer the question on the paper provided.

True or false. For each “False” answer, explain why the statement is false.

a)     In the equation, a = kMA, a refers to the ground vector.

b)     The relationship between the image space coordinate system (x,y,z) and the ground coordinate system (X,Y,Z) can be determined by the XYZ of the perspective on the ground.

c)     A minimum of four GCPs is required for orthorectification of an image.

d)     An image with a central view of the ground is known as an orthophoto.

e)     A DEM is used during orthorectification to correct terrain distortion.

f)      Ground control points are used during the Calculate Sensor Model (bundle adjustment) step to calculate exterior orientation, establishing a relationship between the image, camera, and ground.

g)     The distance between the perspective centre and the principal point is known as the image plane.

h)     Radial lens distortion is always symmetrical around the fiducial centre.

i)      Yaw produces a displacement of the image centre/flight line.