Avoid public speaking altogether

Speak as quickly as possible to finish early

Memorize the entire speech word for word

Prepare thoroughly and practice beforehand

Pause briefly, take a deep breath, and find their place

Panic and apologize repeatedly

End the speech immediately

Start over from the beginning

Volume and tone of voice

The number of statistics included

The complexity of vocabulary used

The length of the speech

Speak without preparing any outline

Use a clear introduction, body, and conclusion format

Read a list of bullet points with no transitions

Start with a long introduction, then jump to the conclusion

To provide detailed instructions

To describe a historical event

To entertain the audience

To change the audience’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions

Thinking about your response while the speaker is talking

Interrupting the speaker to clarify points

Providing feedback and paraphrasing

Avoiding eye contact

Use gestures and maintain eye contact

Stand stiffly without movement

Speak in a monotone voice

Read directly from a script without looking up

To exchange information and ideas

To avoid face-to-face interactions

To confuse the audience

To impress others with vocabulary