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Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням, частина 3

Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням, частина 3

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What does “retraction of published work” mean?

Formally withdrawing a published paper from the research literature.

Revising a manuscript before submitting it to a journal.

Rejecting a manuscript during its initial editorial assessment.

Publishing a follow-up study with a different conclusion.

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A student says, “My similarity score is very low, so my report cannot contain plagiarism.” What is the strongest response?

Similarity software checks attribution more reliably than a human reader can.

A low score proves that the student collected all research data personally.

Unacknowledged ideas or translated passages may still be present despite a low score.

Plagiarism occurs only when a report exceeds a fixed similarity percentage.

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A student inserts a diagram from an online article into a project report. The student changes its colours but provides no acknowledgement. Which explanation is most accurate?

A reference is required only if the diagram includes numerical findings.

Online availability means that the diagram needs no attribution.

The diagram still requires acknowledgement because its content was borrowed.

Changing the colours establishes the student’s authorship of the diagram.

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Which sentence uses “constitute” correctly in the context of research integrity?

Presenting invented observations as real findings constitutes fabrication.

The supervisor constituted the students to revise their references.

Researchers constitute their sources before drafting a report.

The team constituted the questionnaire to all participants.

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A researcher reports that a program was tested on five hardware configurations, although testing took place on only two. The results from those two configurations are real. What has the researcher misrepresented?

The wording borrowed from an earlier publication.

The authorship of the program’s source code.

The bibliographic details of the sources consulted.

The scope and methods of the testing actually conducted.

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Which situation best illustrates the meaning of “omitting research results”?

Comparing the findings with those of an earlier study.

Explaining the findings in less technical language.

Leaving certain findings out of a research report.

Producing additional findings through a new experiment.

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A paper contains accurate in-text citations and a complete reference list, but the author invented the experiment’s results. What does this demonstrate?

Fabricated findings become reliable when supported by published sources.

Research misconduct can occur only when references are missing.

Correct attribution does not guarantee that the reported evidence is genuine.

Complete referencing makes invented findings acceptable for publication.

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In the sentence “The evidence does not support the researcher’s claims”, what does “claims” mean?

The procedures used to collect research data.

The statements the researcher presents as true.

The references included in a research paper.

The permissions required to conduct research.

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An IT student receives 42 genuine survey responses. To reach the planned sample of 60, the student invents 18 additional responses and reports all 60 as collected data. Which misconduct is most directly illustrated?

Plagiarism through unacknowledged borrowing.

Falsification through changing existing answers.

Misleading citation through referencing an unread source.

Fabrication through adding fictitious observations.

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A report demonstrates “transparency” when it:

includes only information that supports its main argument.

replaces uncertain findings with more convincing interpretations.

presents the final conclusions without discussing research decisions.

openly explains its methods, data, decisions and limitations.

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