During

exercise, a patient’s heart rate increases to 100 bpm and stroke volume to 80

mL. What is the cardiac output?

A patient with heart failure has decreased perfusion to the

kidneys. This highlights what systemic function of the CVS?

A patient’s echocardiogram reveals that the left ventricle

ejects 70 mL of blood per beat. This value represents:

A bedridden patient develops deep vein thrombosis. Which is

a major function of veins that is impaired here?

Which of the following best describes the T wave

in a

normal ECG?

During a tissue biopsy, a clinician observes single-layered

blood vessels that allow nutrient and gas exchange. These are:

Which WBC is primarily responsible for the adaptive immune

response?

Which white blood cell

type differentiates into macrophages

in tissues and plays a key role in chronic inflammation?

A blood smear from a healthy patient shows RBCs with a

characteristic biconcave shape. What is the functional advantage of this shape?