___________ _____________ places motivational needs in a hierarchy and suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied. 

Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts and expectations.

People and animals are born with preprogrammed sets of behaviors essential to their survival. 

The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.

Theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.

Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement.