An appellate decision involving a two to one majority in which the two judges in the majority provide different reasons for their decisions is a decision without a ratio

Every decision of an appellate court has a ratio

Where there are multiple judges presiding over a case, if one judge expresses a dissenting decision, this means that the case will have no ratio

The High Court of Australia has said that where judges come to a unanimous decision in a case, common law will always override statute law