Rectal fluid volume and pH are two physiological factors that influence rectal drug absorption. What are the characteristics of the rectal environment related to these two factors and their implications for drug formulation?

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Changes in rectal pH do not affect the ionization status of the drug and therefore do not affect drug absorption.

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The pH of the rectum is in the neutral range (pH 7-8) and has a low buffering capacity.

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The pH of the rectum is very acidic (around pH 4-5) which supports the absorption of drugs with low pKa.

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High buffering capacity can keep rectal pH stable even when external products are administered.

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The large volume of liquid can ensure the dissolution of all drugs, even those that are difficult to dissolve, without problems.

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