Gut

bacteria produce high concentrations of butyrate and propionate, which directly

inhibit white adipose tissue lipolysis to decrease circulating free fatty acid

levels.

Gut

bacteria convert bile acids into secondary steroids that downregulate

uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, shunting energy toward muscle glycogen

storage.

Gut bacteria synthesise acetate and lactate,

which stimulate the browning (beiging) of white adipose tissue to elevate

thermogenesis and reduce overall adiposity.

Gut

bacteria deplete colonic lactate levels, forcing white adipocytes to undergo

hypertrophy and store excess lipids as monounsaturated triglycerides.