Propranolol, a non-selective β-blocker, is used as a mild antihypertensive agent. Which of the following is a key mechanism of action and a notable adverse effect?

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Mechanism: Decreases heart rate, force of contraction, and renin release; Adverse effect: Rebound hypertension upon sudden withdrawal.

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Mechanism: Inhibits ACE to reduce bradykinin breakdown; Adverse effect: Hyperkalemia.

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Mechanism: Selective β₁ blockade only; Adverse effect: Preferred in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

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Mechanism: Vasodilation via α₁ blockade; Adverse effect: Ototoxicity.

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Mechanism: Increases renin release; Adverse effect: Masks hypoglycemic symptoms in diabetics.

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Propranolol, a non-selective β-blocker, is used as a mild antihypertensive agent...

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